Environmental Heavy Metals Exposure: Effects on Development of Heart Failure in Nigeria
Asian Journal of Research in Cardiovascular Diseases,
Page 23-32
Abstract
Background: Despite indications that environmental heavy metals; Lead (Pb), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) exposure may play important role in the pathogenesis of Cardiovascular diseases and thus heart failure, it has not been investigated in Black-African human population from a developing economy like Nigeria.
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the role of blood Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium and Mercury in development of Heart failure.
Materials and Methods: Blood Pb, As, Cd and Hg levels were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) in 40 patients with heart failure and 40 control subjects.
Results: There were significant increases in Blood Arsenic (0.1082±0.058µg/dl versus 0.0072±0.015µg/dl, p=0.000), Pb (13.17±2.72µg/d versus 9.21±2.12µg/dl, p=0.000) and Cd(0.132±0.054µg/dl versus 0.087±0.029µg/dl, p=0.005) respectively, but no significant difference in blood Hg(0.85±0.55µg/dl versus 0.78±0.16µg/dl, p=0.593) and BMI(28.54±4.99 versus 26.98±3.30, p=0.289) respectively in all patients with heart failure compared to all controls. Comparison of the heavy metals (As, Pb, Cd and Hg) in male patients with heart failure versus female patients with heart failure shows no significant difference(P>0.05) in each case. There was positive correlation of blood Pb with Cd(r=0.474, p=0.036) and Hg( r=0.492, p=0.028) in all patients with heart failure, but there was no significant correlation of blood lead (Pb) with blood As(r=0.088, P=0.712) and BMI (r= -0.104, P=0.490) respectively).
It therefore appears that increases in blood levels of As, Pb and Cd due to environmental exposure may in part contribute to the development of heart failure in this environment. Thus, strict measures should be applied by the policy makers to reduce heavy metals pollution in Nigeria.
Keywords:
- Heart failure
- heavy metals
- environmental exposure
- Nigeria.
How to Cite
Ikechukwu, I. C., Chigaekwu, M. N., Chimankpa, N. M., Constance, N., & Joy, D.-N. (2021). Environmental Heavy Metals Exposure: Effects on Development of Heart Failure in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Research in Cardiovascular Diseases, 3(3), 23-32. Retrieved from https://journalijrrc.com/index.php/AJRCD/article/view/30128
References
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Chang LW, Magos L, Suzuki T, editors. Toxicology of Metals. Boca Raton. FL, USA: CRC Press; 1996.
Jan AT, Azam M, Siddiqui K, Ali A, Choi I, Haq QMR. Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015;16:29592-29630.
Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK. Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease; a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115: 472-482.
Ikaraoha CI, Oforofuo IAO, Anetor JI, Okogbo FO, Okusanya BO, Okogbenin SA, et al. Blood Lead, Calcium and Phosphorus in Women with Pre-Eclampsia in Edo State, Nigeria. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2012; 67(3):163-9.
Tellez-Plaza M, Jones MR, Dominguez-Lucas A, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A, Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15:356
Navas-Acien A, Sharrett AR, Silbergeld EK, Schwartz BS, Nachman KE, Burke TA, et al. Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(11):1037–49.
Wang CH, Hsiao CK, Chen CL, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Chen SY, et al. A review of the epidemiologic literature on the role of environmental arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;222(3):315–26.
Yoshizawa K, Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, et al. Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;347:1755–1760.
Houston M.C. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2007;13:S128–S133.
Ike SO, Onyema CT. Cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria: What has happened in the past 20 years? Nig J Cardiol. 2020; 17:21-6.
Adedoyin RA, Adesoye A. Incidence and pattern of cardiovascular disease in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Trop Doct. 2005; 35:104-6.
Nigra AE, Ruiz-Hernandez A, Redon J, Navas-Acien A, Tellez-Plaza M. Environmental Metals and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review Beyond Lead and Cadmium. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2016;3(4):416-433.
Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J. 2014;168(6):812-22.
Lamas GA, Navas-Acien A, Mark DB, Lee KL. Heavy Metals, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Unexpected Benefits of Chelation Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 24;67(20):2411-2418.
Adedapo AD. Rising trend of cardiovascular diseases among South-Western Nigerian female patients. Nig J Cardiol. 2017;14:71-4.
Welz B, Sperling M. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Willey-VCH, Weinheim. 1999;335-375.
Weinhold B. Environmental cardiology: getting to the heart of the matter. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15).
Bhatnagar A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease, Circulation Research. 2006;99(7):692–705.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006:367:174-1757.
Schober SE, Mirel LB, Graubard BI, Brody DJ, Flegal KM. Blood lead levels and death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Mortality Study, Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006:114(10):1538–1541.
Nash D, Magder L, Lustberg M. Blood lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(12):1523–1532.
Lee DH, Lim JS, Song KY, Boo K, Jacobs DR. Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative stress related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006; 114(3):350–354.
Vaziri ND, Mechanisms of lead-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008; 295(2):H454–H465.
Kaji T, Suzuki M, Yamamoto C, Mishima A, Sakamoto M, Kozuka H. Severe damage of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer after simultaneous exposure to cadmium and lead. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995;28(2):168-72.
Fujiwara Y, Watanabe S, Sakamoto M, Kaji T. Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured vascular endothelial cells after simultaneous exposure to lead and zinc. Toxicol Lett. 1998;94:181–188.
Dorman RV, Freeman EJ. Lead-dependent effects on arachidonic acid accumulation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2002;16: 245–253.
Gonick HC, Ding Y, Bondy SC, Ni Z, Vaziri ND. Lead-induced HTN: interplay of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Hypertension. 1997;30:1487–1492.
Weinhold B. Environmental cardiology: getting to the heart of the matter. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15):A880-A887.
Edwards JR, Prozialeck WC. Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;238(3):289-293.
Bernhard D, Rossmann A, Henderson B, Kind M, Seubert A, Wick G. Increased serum cadmium and strontium levels in young smokers: effects on arterial endothelial cell gene transcription, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2006;26(4):833-838.
Almenara CC, Broseghini-Filho GB, Vescovi MV, Angeli JK, Faria TO, Stefanon I. et al. Chronic cadmium treatment promotes oxidative stress and endothelial damage in isolated rat aorta. PLoS One. 2013;8(7): e68418.
Lukkhananan P, Thawonrachat N, Srihirun S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Chaturapanich G, Vivithanaporn P. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in subjects with chronic cadmium exposure. J Toxicol Sci. 2015;40 (5):605-13.
Tang L, Su J, Liang P. Modeling cadmium-induced endothelial toxicity using human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Sci Rep. 2017;7:14811.
Balakumar P, Kaur J. Arsenic Exposure and Cardiovascular Disorders: An Overview. Cardiovascular toxicology. 2009; 9(4):169-76.
Axelson O, Dahlgren E, Jansson CD, Rehnlund SO. Arsenic exposure and mortality: a case referent study from a Swedish copper smelter, The British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2009;35(1):8–15.
Tsai SM, Wang TN, Ko YC. Mortality for certain diseases in areas with high levels of arsenic in drinking water, Archives of Environmental Health. 2010;54(3):186–193.
Chiou HY, Huang WI, Su CL, Chang SF, Hsu YH, Chen CJ. Dose-response relationship between prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and ingested inorganic arsenic, Stroke. 1997;28(9):1717–1723.
Tseng CH, Chong CK, Tseng CP. Long-term arsenic exposure and ischemic heart disease in arseniasis-hyper endemic. villages in Taiwan, Toxicology Letters. 137(1-2):15–21.
Magos L. Physiology and toxicology of mercury. Met. Ions Biol. Syst.1997;34:321–370.
Kobal AB, Horvat M, Prezelj M, Briski AS, Krsnik M, Dizdarevic T. et al. The impact of long-term past exposure to elemental mercury on antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation in mercury miners. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2004;17:261–274.
Farina M, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Oxidative stress in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2011;256:405–417.
Magos L, Clarkson TW. Overview of the clinical toxicity of mercury. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2006;43:257–268.
Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006;160:1-40.
Gonzalvo MC, Gil F, Hernandez AF, Villanueva E, Pla A. Inhibition of paraoxonase activity in human liver microsomes by exposure to EDTA, metals and mercurials. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1997; 105:169–179.
Salonen JT, Malin R, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssönen K, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T. Polymorphism in high density lipoprotein paraoxonase gene and risk of acute myocardial infarction in men: Prospective nested case-control study. BMJ. 1999; 319:487–488.
Kulka M. A review of paraoxonase 1 properties and diagnostic applications. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2016;19:225–232.
Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Lakka TA, Salonen R., Kaplan GA. Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland, Atherosclerosis, 2000;148(2):265–273.
Lund AO, Miller DM, Woods JS. Studies on Hg (II)-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria, Biochemical Pharmacology, 1993;45(10):2017– 2024.
Farkhondeh T, Afshari R, Mehrpour O, Samarghandian S, Mercury and Atherosclerosis: Cell Biology, Pathoph- ysiology, and Epidemiological Studies. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(1): 27-36.
Sridhar M KC, Olawuyi JF, Adogame LA, Okekearu IR, Osagie CO, Aborkar L. Lead in the Nigerian Environment: Problems and Prospects, In 11th Annual International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (J. Nriagu, Editor), No. 1019, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI (CD-Rom). 2000;1-4.
Galadima A, Garba ZN. Heavy metals pollution in Nigeria: causes and consequences. Elixir Pollution. 2012;45: 7917-7922.
Galadima A, Muhammad NU, Garba ZN Spectroscopic investigation of heavy metals in waste water from University students’ halls of residence. International Journal of Chemistry. 2010;20(4):239-244.
Orisakwe OE. Environmental pollution and blood lead levels in Nigeria: Who is un-exposed. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2009;15(3):315-317.
Garba ZN, Hamza SA, Galadima A. Arsenic Level Speciation in Fresh Water from Karaye Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Chemistry. 2010;20(2):113-117.
Chang LW, Magos L, Suzuki T, editors. Toxicology of Metals. Boca Raton. FL, USA: CRC Press; 1996.
Jan AT, Azam M, Siddiqui K, Ali A, Choi I, Haq QMR. Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015;16:29592-29630.
Navas-Acien A, Guallar E, Silbergeld EK. Rothenberg SJ. Lead exposure and cardiovascular disease; a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;115: 472-482.
Ikaraoha CI, Oforofuo IAO, Anetor JI, Okogbo FO, Okusanya BO, Okogbenin SA, et al. Blood Lead, Calcium and Phosphorus in Women with Pre-Eclampsia in Edo State, Nigeria. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2012; 67(3):163-9.
Tellez-Plaza M, Jones MR, Dominguez-Lucas A, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A, Cadmium exposure and clinical cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2013;15:356
Navas-Acien A, Sharrett AR, Silbergeld EK, Schwartz BS, Nachman KE, Burke TA, et al. Arsenic exposure and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(11):1037–49.
Wang CH, Hsiao CK, Chen CL, Hsu LI, Chiou HY, Chen SY, et al. A review of the epidemiologic literature on the role of environmental arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2007;222(3):315–26.
Yoshizawa K, Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, et al. Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;347:1755–1760.
Houston M.C. The role of mercury and cadmium heavy metals in vascular disease, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction. Altern. Ther. Health Med. 2007;13:S128–S133.
Ike SO, Onyema CT. Cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria: What has happened in the past 20 years? Nig J Cardiol. 2020; 17:21-6.
Adedoyin RA, Adesoye A. Incidence and pattern of cardiovascular disease in a Nigerian teaching hospital. Trop Doct. 2005; 35:104-6.
Nigra AE, Ruiz-Hernandez A, Redon J, Navas-Acien A, Tellez-Plaza M. Environmental Metals and Cardiovascular Disease in Adults: A Systematic Review Beyond Lead and Cadmium. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2016;3(4):416-433.
Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, Thurston G, Hochman JS, Lamas GA. Metal pollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J. 2014;168(6):812-22.
Lamas GA, Navas-Acien A, Mark DB, Lee KL. Heavy Metals, Cardiovascular Disease, and the Unexpected Benefits of Chelation Therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 24;67(20):2411-2418.
Adedapo AD. Rising trend of cardiovascular diseases among South-Western Nigerian female patients. Nig J Cardiol. 2017;14:71-4.
Welz B, Sperling M. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Willey-VCH, Weinheim. 1999;335-375.
Weinhold B. Environmental cardiology: getting to the heart of the matter. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15).
Bhatnagar A. Environmental cardiology: studying mechanistic links between pollution and heart disease, Circulation Research. 2006;99(7):692–705.
Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet. 2006:367:174-1757.
Schober SE, Mirel LB, Graubard BI, Brody DJ, Flegal KM. Blood lead levels and death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Mortality Study, Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006:114(10):1538–1541.
Nash D, Magder L, Lustberg M. Blood lead, blood pressure, and hypertension in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003;289(12):1523–1532.
Lee DH, Lim JS, Song KY, Boo K, Jacobs DR. Graded associations of blood lead and urinary cadmium concentrations with oxidative stress related markers in the U.S. population: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006; 114(3):350–354.
Vaziri ND, Mechanisms of lead-induced hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008; 295(2):H454–H465.
Kaji T, Suzuki M, Yamamoto C, Mishima A, Sakamoto M, Kozuka H. Severe damage of cultured vascular endothelial cell monolayer after simultaneous exposure to cadmium and lead. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1995;28(2):168-72.
Fujiwara Y, Watanabe S, Sakamoto M, Kaji T. Repair of wounded monolayers of cultured vascular endothelial cells after simultaneous exposure to lead and zinc. Toxicol Lett. 1998;94:181–188.
Dorman RV, Freeman EJ. Lead-dependent effects on arachidonic acid accumulation and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2002;16: 245–253.
Gonick HC, Ding Y, Bondy SC, Ni Z, Vaziri ND. Lead-induced HTN: interplay of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Hypertension. 1997;30:1487–1492.
Weinhold B. Environmental cardiology: getting to the heart of the matter. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112(15):A880-A887.
Edwards JR, Prozialeck WC. Cadmium, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2009;238(3):289-293.
Bernhard D, Rossmann A, Henderson B, Kind M, Seubert A, Wick G. Increased serum cadmium and strontium levels in young smokers: effects on arterial endothelial cell gene transcription, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 2006;26(4):833-838.
Almenara CC, Broseghini-Filho GB, Vescovi MV, Angeli JK, Faria TO, Stefanon I. et al. Chronic cadmium treatment promotes oxidative stress and endothelial damage in isolated rat aorta. PLoS One. 2013;8(7): e68418.
Lukkhananan P, Thawonrachat N, Srihirun S, Swaddiwudhipong W, Chaturapanich G, Vivithanaporn P. et al. Endothelial dysfunction in subjects with chronic cadmium exposure. J Toxicol Sci. 2015;40 (5):605-13.
Tang L, Su J, Liang P. Modeling cadmium-induced endothelial toxicity using human pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Sci Rep. 2017;7:14811.
Balakumar P, Kaur J. Arsenic Exposure and Cardiovascular Disorders: An Overview. Cardiovascular toxicology. 2009; 9(4):169-76.
Axelson O, Dahlgren E, Jansson CD, Rehnlund SO. Arsenic exposure and mortality: a case referent study from a Swedish copper smelter, The British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2009;35(1):8–15.
Tsai SM, Wang TN, Ko YC. Mortality for certain diseases in areas with high levels of arsenic in drinking water, Archives of Environmental Health. 2010;54(3):186–193.
Chiou HY, Huang WI, Su CL, Chang SF, Hsu YH, Chen CJ. Dose-response relationship between prevalence of cerebrovascular disease and ingested inorganic arsenic, Stroke. 1997;28(9):1717–1723.
Tseng CH, Chong CK, Tseng CP. Long-term arsenic exposure and ischemic heart disease in arseniasis-hyper endemic. villages in Taiwan, Toxicology Letters. 137(1-2):15–21.
Magos L. Physiology and toxicology of mercury. Met. Ions Biol. Syst.1997;34:321–370.
Kobal AB, Horvat M, Prezelj M, Briski AS, Krsnik M, Dizdarevic T. et al. The impact of long-term past exposure to elemental mercury on antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation in mercury miners. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 2004;17:261–274.
Farina M, Aschner M, Rocha JBT. Oxidative stress in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2011;256:405–417.
Magos L, Clarkson TW. Overview of the clinical toxicity of mercury. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2006;43:257–268.
Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006;160:1-40.
Gonzalvo MC, Gil F, Hernandez AF, Villanueva E, Pla A. Inhibition of paraoxonase activity in human liver microsomes by exposure to EDTA, metals and mercurials. Chem. Biol. Interact. 1997; 105:169–179.
Salonen JT, Malin R, Tuomainen TP, Nyyssönen K, Lakka TA, Lehtimäki T. Polymorphism in high density lipoprotein paraoxonase gene and risk of acute myocardial infarction in men: Prospective nested case-control study. BMJ. 1999; 319:487–488.
Kulka M. A review of paraoxonase 1 properties and diagnostic applications. Pol. J. Vet. Sci. 2016;19:225–232.
Salonen JT, Seppänen K, Lakka TA, Salonen R., Kaplan GA. Mercury accumulation and accelerated progression of carotid atherosclerosis: a population-based prospective 4-year follow-up study in men in eastern Finland, Atherosclerosis, 2000;148(2):265–273.
Lund AO, Miller DM, Woods JS. Studies on Hg (II)-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria, Biochemical Pharmacology, 1993;45(10):2017– 2024.
Farkhondeh T, Afshari R, Mehrpour O, Samarghandian S, Mercury and Atherosclerosis: Cell Biology, Pathoph- ysiology, and Epidemiological Studies. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(1): 27-36.
Sridhar M KC, Olawuyi JF, Adogame LA, Okekearu IR, Osagie CO, Aborkar L. Lead in the Nigerian Environment: Problems and Prospects, In 11th Annual International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment (J. Nriagu, Editor), No. 1019, University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI (CD-Rom). 2000;1-4.
Galadima A, Garba ZN. Heavy metals pollution in Nigeria: causes and consequences. Elixir Pollution. 2012;45: 7917-7922.
Galadima A, Muhammad NU, Garba ZN Spectroscopic investigation of heavy metals in waste water from University students’ halls of residence. International Journal of Chemistry. 2010;20(4):239-244.
Orisakwe OE. Environmental pollution and blood lead levels in Nigeria: Who is un-exposed. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 2009;15(3):315-317.
Garba ZN, Hamza SA, Galadima A. Arsenic Level Speciation in Fresh Water from Karaye Local Government, Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Chemistry. 2010;20(2):113-117.
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