Short and Long-Term Exposure to Biomass Fuel (Wood Smoke) and Its Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Markers and Lipid Peroxidation of Male Albino Rats
Ude Tochukwu *
Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univerisity, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Meludu Samuel Chukwuemeka
Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univerisity, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria and Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria and Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria.
Dioka Chudi Emmanuel
Department of Chemical Pathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe Univerisity, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Ibekailo Sylvester Nnaemeka
Department of Physiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Chikezie Onyebuchi Desmond
Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria and Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal Medical Centre Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.
Chukwu John Aja O’Brien
Department of Physiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Ezugwu Modestus Uchenna
Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Background: Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has surged rapidly in recent times. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been linked with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is considered as one of the leading environmental risk factors of several diseases. Biomass smoke exposure has been shown to be associated with inflammation, coagulation, and lipid peroxidation, which are important factors in the development of CVD. Thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of biomass fuel exposure on cardiovascular risk markers and lipid peroxidation.
Methods: The twenty adult male wistar rats were randomly assigned to two groups of ten animals each designated as groups A and B. Rats in group A served as control (exposed to fresh air) and group B exposed to inhalation of biomass smoke (wood smoke). The exposures were done using whole body exposure chambers 70cm x 60cm x 60cm measurement for six weeks, 6 days per week. . Five millilitres of blood sample were collected and serum extracted at the end of three and six weeks intervals. Serum concentrations of troponin I, CK-MB, hsCRP, myoglobin and MDA were determined using standard methods, while atherogenic indices were calculated using appropriate formula.
Results: The result shows significant increase in troponin I, CK-MB, hsCRP, myoglobin, CRR, AC, AIP and MDA at three weeks and six weeks relative to control, and these effects appears to be dependent on exposure duration.
Conclusion: The results suggest that repeated exposure to biomass fuel could potentiate the risk of CVD through elicitation and amplification of oxidative stress and cardio-inflammation, thus acting as significant risk factor for CVD.
Keywords: Biomass fuel, cardiovascular risk markers, lipid peroxidation